西班牙兴奋剂争议解决:纪律模式和兴奋剂犯罪

Doping Disputes Resolution: Disciplinary Model and Sport Doping Offence in Spain

DOI：10.12064/ssr.2022083106

中文关键词:反兴奋剂兴奋剂争议人权兴奋剂犯罪西班牙11/2021《反兴奋剂法》

英文关键词:anti-doping doping disputes human rights doping offence Spain: Law antidoping 11/2021

基金项目:国家社会科学基金重大项目(20&ZD337)

作者	单位
Silvia Irene Verdugo Guzmán(西班牙)	安达卢西亚圣保罗基金会大学,塞维利亚 41930
程晓颖(译)	上海政法学院国际法学院,上海 201701

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中文摘要:

虽然反对兴奋剂的各类国际法律文件之间是相互关联的，但由于具有盎格鲁-撒克逊风格的《世界反兴奋剂条例》(WADC)包含不同的私法规则，并非所有国家都会承认或在其国内法中进行修改，使其具有世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)所期望的应有约束性，因此越来越有必要形成一套更加严格和有效的干预规范。随着体育运动与人权之间的联系愈加紧密，各类体育组织和联合会也应当更加尊重保障人权的普遍法律文件，尤其是在进行国际体育仲裁时，尊重并保障被指控兴奋剂违规运动员的辩护权就相当重要。关于兴奋剂争议解决程序和解决方案，西班牙国家法院已有不同路径，但自2021年11月西班牙《反兴奋剂法》颁布以来，国家法院的权限受到限制，仅在某些情况下才能诉诸国际体育仲裁院(CAS)。此外，虽然西班牙在《刑法典》的危害公共卫生罪中规定了兴奋剂犯罪，同时规定了法院对国际范围内运输、贩运兴奋剂物质和方法的行为具有管辖权，但适用该罪名的有效刑事制裁较少。因此，在体育经济市场不公平竞争的大背景下，应当将兴奋剂犯罪列为一种经济犯罪进行惩罚。

英文摘要:

Various international instruments against doping are relevant but a more rigorous and effective intervention is becoming increasingly necessary, because there are different private law rules within a World Anti-Doping Code (Anglo-Saxon style) that not all countries can recognize or adapt in their national law to give it the desired binding character sought by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The link between sport and human rights has become so strong that it has become increasingly necessary for sports organisations and federations to respect the universal legal instruments that protect everyone as a human being, and it is of utmost importance to respect the right of defence of the athlete accused of an anti-doping rule violation specially in Court of Arbitration for Sport. In relation to the procedures and resolution of disputes when anti-doping rules are infringed, the national courts in Spain found different solutions, but since the recent national law 11/2021 the competences are delimited and it is only possible to resort to the CAS (Switzerland) in some cases. In addition, Spain has a doping crime in the Penal Code, to prosecute the trafficking of doping substances and methods on an international scale, which is included among the crimes against public health. However, effective criminal sanctions are scarce, so it is proposed to punish doping as an economic crime in the context of unfair competition in the economic market of sport.

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