美国对运动员隐私权、名誉权与形象权的法律保护

On the Legal Protection of Athletes′ Privacy, Reputation and Publicity Rights in USA

DOI：10.12064/ssr.2022051201

英文关键词:privacy right reputation right publicity right trademark freedom of speech

基金项目:国家社会科学基金项目(20CTY010)

作者	单位
Matthew J.Mitten(美)	马凯特大学法学院,威斯康星密尔沃基 53233
郭树理(译)	苏州大学王健法学院,江苏苏州 215006

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中文摘要:

对运动员的隐私权、名誉权与形象权的法律保护，在美国主要是通过各州法律实现的，且各州法律内容还不完全相同。形象权在美国判例法中的发展一直伴随着不确定性。美国一些州已经尝试通过制定单行成文立法，纠正相互冲突的关于形象权的司法判例。“表达性作品”可以合理使用某运动员的形象而无需授权。倘若未经授权就把运动员的姓名或形象等身份标志用于产品标志或广告宣传，导致消费者误认为运动员与产品促销有关，在实质上起到了商标的作用时，运动员可以依据美国联邦《兰汉姆(商标)法》的规定，提起商标侵权民事诉讼。对运动员隐私权、名誉权与形象权的保护，可能受到美国联邦宪法第一修正案保护表达和资讯传播自由的限制，新闻媒体的报道通常会享有侵权责任的豁免。判断被诉侵权的作品是否属于宪法第一修正案的保护对象，属于法院自由裁量的范围。

英文摘要:

Legal protection of athletes′ privacy, reputation and publicity rights in USA is achieved by the states′ rules of law which are not completely the same. There is the uncertainty with the development of publicity rights in the USA common law traditions. Some states attempted to draft the statutes of protecting publicity rights to redress the conflicts of judicial decisions on publicities. With "expressive work", someone can use an athlete publicity without his or her permission. The use of the names and publicities of the athletes in the marks of products or advertisements without permission which leads the consumers confusion of affiliation of the athlete and the promotion is a misappropriation of trademark, so the athletes can bring a civil lawsuit of trademark infringement according to the federal Lanham (Trademark) Act. On the other hand, athletes′ privacy, reputation, and publicity rights may be subject to the protection of freedom of speech and express by the First Amendment of Federal Constitution. The media reports always have the immunities of tort liability, and whether the alleged infringement work is related to the protected rights by the First Amendment will be decided by the court in its discretion.

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